The Case Study of Fenghuang Village in China发表时间：2023-06-07 22:46 Article Application of Territorial Laser Scanning in 3D Modeling of Traditional Village: The Case Study of Fenghuang Village in China
Guiye Lin 1, Andrea Giordano 1, Kun Sang 2, Luigi Stendardo 3 and Xiaochun Yang 4*
1 Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, Italy; guiye.lin@studenti.unipd.it; andrea.giordano@unipd.it 2 Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia; kun.sang@xmu.edu.my 3 Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy; luigi.stendardo@unina.it 4 Department of Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, China; yangxc@szu.edu.cn * Correspondence: yangxc@szu.edu.cn Abstract: Historical villages bear historical, cultural, architectural, aesthetic, and landscape values, but they are facing a series of dangers and problems during the process of urbanization. Digital survey for traditional villages plays a crucial role in the preservation, planning, and development of this kind of heritage. The introduction of the Terrestrial Laser Scanning technique is essential for heritage surveying, mapping, and modeling for its advantages in non-contact measurement, accurate sensing for complex objects, and efficient operation. In recent years, the TLS and related processing software (SCENE) have been widely presented as an effective technique dealing with the management and protection of historical buildings in Fenghuang village. Thus, this paper highlights the process of using laser scanning to obtain architectural data, process point clouds, and compare the characteristics of historical buildings in the Fenghuang village. As a result, some architectural patterns are summarized in this village, such as the spatial sequence of ancestral halls, the dominant position of memorial halls, as well as the character of building decorations and roof slopes. In the future, more research can be fulfilled based on the built point cloud model, which will be beneficial for the development of the whole village. Keywords: TLS; historic village; 3D modeling; Fenghuang village 1. Introduction In the age of fast economic development and urbanization, traditional villages and rural lifestyles are confronting with a series of crises, especially in developing countries like China. Some phenomena have been observed, such as migration from rural areas to cities, disappearing of rural culture, damaging of architectural buildings, abandoning and occupying of agricultural lands, which caused detrimental influences on rural development. Meanwhile, the values of historical villages have been gradually reconsidered. In China, more than 4000 villages were acknowledged as national traditional villages for their historical, cultural, architectural, aesthetic, and landscape values [1]. And there is an increasing number of scholars involved in the studies on the protection of traditional villages [2], rural landscape [3], tourism of historical villages [4], and revitalization of the rural economy [5]. Particularly, the protection of rural architectural heritage is always a topical issue among architects, landscape architects, and urban planners. Compared with urban areas, the rural areas are peculiar owing to their characteristics in architectural forms. Building materials such as wood, stone, and earth are common for rural buildings, but also very vulnerable. Thus, preserving the architectural heritage in rural areas is an important factor for stimulating the local economy, promoting rural tourism, and facilitating cultural inheritance [6-7]. And it is imperative to protect the authenticity and integrity of these villages as part of cultural assets for future generations. With the advancements of the internet and spatial technologies, more techniques are introduced into the identification, documentation, protection, and restoration of the heritage of traditional villages, such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Augmented Reality (AR), and Geographic Information System (GIS). In practice, GIS is used for studying the management of rural heritage based on its geo-database [8], analyzing spatially the evolution of rural landscape [9], and helping make decisions associated with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) [10]. Furthermore, Remote Sensing (RS) techniques are also applied to monitor and assess the rural sites, predicting the hazards in their surrounding areas [11], classifying the resource types of rural tourism [12], etc. Among those, light detection and ranging (Lidar), digital photogrammetry, and Territorial Land Scanning (TLS) as kinds of latest techniques applied in surveying and mapping, are considered to be efficient and powerful in heritage, archaeological, ecological, and landscape studies [13], especially in the process of data acquisition, site survey, mapping, and modeling [14]. As is known, different remote sensing methods have different characteristics and are used in various fields to obtain real-time data. It is necessary to select a suitable surveying and mapping method according to the specific characteristics and requirements of the objectives and tasks. Compared with traditional measuring techniques, TLS technology is an automatic, non-contact, and accurate method for measuring the coordinates of objects’ surface systematically, providing precise 3D information of the environment [15], which owns the advantages of sensing detailed data (building appearance, structures, colors, and surroundings with high accuracy), simple, faster, and efficient operation, less physical damages to the objects, and being effective for scanning irregular surfaces and complicated structures. Especially, the ancient Chinese architectural buildings with abundant details and decorations can easily be damaged by survey instruments. Therefore, TLS is a powerful instrument to support the related projects for surveying ancient buildings and structures. Besides, the obtained images with coordinate systems and high spatial resolution can be simply used to build model visualizations based on point clouds from TLS and connected with other GIS data, which will facilitate the observation of architectural details and enable to view the heritage sites from different angles, distances, and scales [16]. However, TLS still has several shortcomings waiting for further improvements: height limitation of the sensor to record the roof of buildings, and other environmental influences on the sensing process. For example, light and shadow conditions will change the color and texture of the architectural surface, influencing the accuracy of obtained data. As is seen, the TLS has both advantages and disadvantages in diversified applications. Still, it has been introduced into cultural heritage projects globally. For instance, the combination of UAS photogrammetry and TLS allows generating dense and accurate 3D models of historical buildings [17]; the integration of TLS and image-based data develops metric documentation of historical objects in museums based on orthophoto generation [18]; the fusion of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and TLS with the help of reference points is used to extract and document cultural heritage [19]. There are also many other case studies in various countries focusing on the recording and documenting of historical buildings, such as the Castle Haut-Andlau in France [20], Al-Khasneh heritage in Jordan [21], and Roman sarcophagus in Italy [22]. However, the application of TLS in rural heritage and traditional village protection has seldom been discussed [23]. The sensing of a whole village varies from the process of surveying single architectural buildings, which means that more conditions need to be considered comprehensively, including the characteristics and relationships between the measuring objects, the purpose of measurement, architectural elements, and contents, technical requirements, internal and external space, time and cost, etc. And the collected sensing results can be applied in digital documentation, interpretation, protection, transformation, and redevelopment design. Specifically, the TLS data and built point cloud models for the traditional village can be used to compare the historical buildings inside the village, such as the differentiation of their architectural layout, internal areas, heights, decorations, and roof slopes, which will serve the future management, planning, and development of traditional villages, as well as rural tourism activities. Based on the discussion above, this paper takes the historical buildings in Fenghuang village as research subjects, introducing the TLS as the main methodology. The survey method focuses on using TLS to acquire comprehensive architectural data of the diverse elements of historical buildings in Fenghuang, including five steps: designing scanning scheme, obtaining site data, processing the point clouds, and comparing the historical buildings. The internal and external parts of the buildings are both recorded by the TLS, as wells as scanning the roof parts. After registration and denoising of point clouds, the point cloud models are built, which is an important process to update the documentation of historical buildings in Fenghuang village. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study area Fenghuang Ancient Village is located in Shenzhen, Guangdong province in the South of China. It covers an area of about 300,000 square meters, with the built-up area of 180,000 square meters. Dated back to the end of the Song Dynasty in China (the 1300s), a family named WEN moved to this region to avoid wars and successfully constructed their community there. Thus, this village has a history of more than 700 years. The terrain near the village is undulated and has thus determined a fan-shaped layout of the village. There are several ancient buildings well-preserved in the village, which can be mainly classified into three groups according to their functions: ancestral halls for worshiping ancestors, school buildings for education, and Guangfu residences (also known as Cantonese houses) for living. The three types of buildings are characteristic in this village (Figure 1). And Fenghuang is regarded as one of the typical and representative Cantonese residential buildings in Guangdong Province. As a result, the whole village is listed as a cultural heritage by the local authority. But its current status of protection is not very optimistic, facing both dangers and opportunities for its future.
Figure 1. Location of Fenghuang village. The distribution of different kinds of buildings inside of the village are shown in the map, including school buildings, Guangfu residences, Ancestral Halls, and other buildings. Till now, there are very limited studies concerning this village desalinizing with its local culture and the economic redevelopment strategies. Nevertheless, the architectural value of the ancient buildings has been ignored. With the rapid development of the urbanization process in Shenzhen, the lots of indigenous people were gradually moved out, and some old houses began to become abandoned, which led to the problems of building aging and the destruction of historical features of the traditional village. Besides, relevant historical documents are not well-conserved to record the history of the Fenghuang village, which means that an overall heritage investigation is urgently needed. Currently, there are in all nearly 360 ancient buildings remaining in the Fenghuang village, of which 21 are listed as protective cultural relics in Shenzhen, waiting for further studies and development. A comprehensive survey and mapping need to be done to assess the current condition of the historical buildings in Fenghuang village and to carry out a conservative and redevelopment strategy for the whole area. However, it will consume lots of time and human resources to survey all the 360 ancient buildings in the village, and more cooperation with other scholars and institutions is also needed. Due to the limitation of funds and time, only 19 traditional buildings with high historical and cultural values have been selected as objects to be scanned and modelled for this village. 2.2. Methodology According to distance measurement, the scanning technology can be classified into three types: time of flight (TOF), triangulation, and phase shift, among which the TOF technique is widely used in outdoor surveys [24]. In this paper, the TOF is utilized, namely, the sensor emits a laser pulse, and a portion of the pulse reflected from the building surface can be received by the scanner. Then, the distance to the object’s surface can be calculated by the flight time of the pulse. Aspired by previous research on TLS and cultural heritage [25], the workflow of TLS and 3D modeling in this paper is divided into two sections: external and internal operations (Figure 2), further developed into five steps, including designing scanning scheme, obtaining site data, processing point clouds (registration, denoising, and feature extraction). At last, the build models are applied to compare the historical buildings in the village from four aspects: layout, height, decorations, and the roof slope. The specific steps are as follows.
Figure 2. Research process. Four main steps are included in this research, including make the scanning schema, data collection, point clouds processing, and model applications. 2.2.1. Design scanning scheme and collect data During the process of data collection, the laser pulse can only transmit straight. To fully measure the objects, the arrangement of scanners is crucial for the 3D digital scanning, which influences the accuracy, efficiency, and quality of the data processing and output. Then, the distribution and structure of buildings in Fenghuang village are also complex, which requires a series of scanning stations to cooperate with each other to scan from different angles and to improve the coverage and completeness of the data. It is necessary to arrange the scanning stations accurately to increase greatly the survey speed and data integrity, at the same time reduce the workload. As for the measuring device, an appropriate scanner is significant to control the scanning accuracy and efficiency. There are several factors considered for selecting the scanner for surveying Fenghuang Village. The equipment needs to meet the needs of scanning various scales of the site from the level of the whole, single buildings, and building components. Then, owing to the site conditions, such as the difference between the maximum and the minimum scanning distances, scanning angles, the limitation of space, the size and weight of the instrument are also necessary to be taken into consideration. And the number of surveying personnel, the quality of output data, and its usage are also needed to be included as research costs. Based on the conditions above, this research introduces the “Faro S350 scanner” (Figure 3) (https://www.faro.com) to survey and model the ancient buildings in the village, as well as other information on the architectural details. Specifically, this instrument has a measurement rate of about 976,000 points/second, and the maximum scanning range is about 350 meters, covering 360 degrees horizontally and 300 degrees vertically. The error of the collected data is smaller than six mm. And this scanner owns a spherical digital camera, which can take six photos (1920*1080 pixel) to record the RGB color and texture information of the scanned object during each scanning. Then, the Faro scanner has the characteristics of lightweight, small size, simple operation, and easy adjustment. The scanner station can be moved quickly, and it is suitable for sensing building clusters with high density. Finally, this scanner is equipped with its own processing software “SCENE” (https://www.faro.com/en/Products/Software/SCENE-Software) that can automatically process point cloud data, and users can create 3D visualizations of real objects and environments in multiple data formats.
Figure 3. Faro S350 scanner. The Faro scanner is suitable for different kinds of sites, especially for the architectural heritage scanning. When deploying the scanning stations for buildings in Fenghuang Village, auxiliary equipment is also needed to support the process. For example, scanning the Gushan school in the village, the roof part of the building cannot be reached with the normal height of the Faro scanner. Thus, a liftable tripod was used to raise the height of the scanner to increase its scanning range. In figure 4, the control points of the scanning stations are marked by red color with numbers 1-38, indicating that in all 38 times of scanning were introduced to record the Gushan school. And the blue points in the figure indicate the lifted stations. During the scanning process, the corresponding feature points were combined, such as the turning angles of the roof, to complete the splicing of point clouds from each site. For scanning the interior spaces, the complicated structures, including the overlapped and interspersed beams, and layered columns, buckets, arches, trusses, rafters, and purlins caused some challenges for the data acquisition. After several times of tests, the authors used the columns as reference points to improve the scanning coverage and working efficiency. In figure 5, there are in all 20 scanning stations set for scanning the Gushan school.
Figure 4. Outdoor scanning arrangement of Gushan school. In all, there are 36 scanning stations arranged for the outdoor scanning of Gushan school.
Figure 5. An example of indoor scanning. There are 22 scanning stations arranged for the indoor scanning of Gushan school 2.2.2. Point clouds processing Point clouds refer to a set of coordinated points with geometric and colorimetric information. The point clouds collected from the laser scanner contain a huge number of data, which may some errors, called the “noises”. The noises are caused by the measurement methods and equipment, the surface of the scanned building, as well as some obstructions such as pedestrians, debris, and trees. Before modeling the point clouds, it is necessary to denoise the data firstly. In this way, the point clouds will be filtered to be more smooth and less dense, which facilitates the modeling and packaging process of point clouds. A manual process was added to reduce the errors in the computer. After de-noising, the obtained data from different scanning stations need to be unified with each other, namely the registration of point cloud data from multiple sites. To unify the data from various angles, a coordinate system (WGS 84) was fixed as a benchmark to unify all the independent coordinates into one coordinate system. In this research, three ways of registration were applied: based on targets (identify the matching target, fit the target point, and use the spatial relationship of the target points to transform their coordinates), common feature points, and control network. For the original point clouds obtained by TLS, this study uses the software SCENE to register, map, and clean the data. This method consists of several steps, including selecting the base points, rotating their axis, setting rotation angles, moving the point clouds in space, and merging them. The result of registered point clouds of Gushan School is shown in Figure 6. In this case, the maximum registration deviation of all TLS data was lower than four mm, which is within the required tolerance of six mm. Through the mapping operation, the photos taken by the scanner’s camera during the scanning process were used to assign colors to each point cloud, so that all the point clouds are visually distinguished. Finally, the redundant data, including noises, isolated points, and the overlapped points are filtered and manually removed.
Figure 6. Point clouds model of Gushan school. The figure is composed by an isometric view and a side view of the Gushan school. 3. Results This section may be divided by subheadings. It should provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation, as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn. After scanning all the 19 buildings in the village, the point could models of these buildings were constructed. Then, these models were used to compare with each other within the three groups of the ancestral halls, school buildings, and Guangfu residences. In this section, some examples of the ancestral halls are used to explain the research results and their comparisons, including the Wen Family Ancestral Hall, Songzhuang Ancestral Hall, Yichen Ancestral Hall, and Sisheng Ancestral Hall. And they are analyzed from the perspectives of the architectural layout (internal spaces), decorations, heights, and roof slopes. As is seen in Figure 7, it can be found out that the width of the four ancestral halls is more than ten meters. The Songzhuang Ancestral Hall is more spacious with a width of 13.8 m. Meanwhile, its frontal courtyard is equipped with a private courtyard. Then, the length of the Songzhuang Ancestral Hall is 16.9 m. In comparison, the length of the Wen Family Ancestral Hall is 33 m. The layouts of Yichen Ancestral Hall and the Sisheng Ancestral Hall are relatively compact, with smaller sizes. Functionally speaking, the ancestral halls are generally composed of a first hall, a medium hall, and a memorial hall. Take the Wen Family Ancestral Hall as an example, it is a typical compound house consisted of halls, rooms, corridors, and courtyards. The medium hall is located in the center, serving for holding ceremonies and meetings. And the memorial hall is located in the furthest part of the yard, aiming for worshiping ancestors (Figure 8).
Figure 7. Comparison of ancestral halls (layout). The four ancestral halls are compared in this figure, from left to right, thery are Wen Family Ancestral Hall, Songzhuang Ancestral Hall, Yichen Ancestral Hall, and Sisheng Ancestral Hall.
Figure 8. Layout and side view of Wen Ancestral Hall. A top view and a side view of the Wen Ancestral Hall are drawn in this figure. Then, the point cloud model can be also used to analyze the decoration elements of the buildings for the detailed recording of the whole building. Especially, the decorations of the roof are characteristic of this village. The roof ridges of the ancestral halls are diversified. Most of them use decorative techniques, such as grey sculpture and colored painting. Three types of roof ridges were observed in this village: Boat ridge, Antique ridge, and Pottery ridge. The Boat ridges were more common in history, and the Antique ridge is regarded as a symbol of wealth, while the Pottery ridge was a new decoration that emerged in the 1900s (Figure 9). Thus, from the building decorations, the different classes of the traditional buildings can be observed.
Figure 9. Roof of ancestral halls. The three types of the roofs are including: a) boat ridge; b) antique ridge; c) pottery ridge. From the section view of the historical buildings, the height of every individual building can be compared, as well as the relationship between the building heights and length of the building space. From the Figure 10, it can be seen that the architectural spatial sequence of these ancestral halls shows a trend of rising, and the foundations of the four ancestral buildings are getting higher and higher from the frontal space to the end, which is in accordance with a psychological effect for creating a space for worshipping their ancestors. After calculation, the length of the Wen family Ancestral Hall, Songzhuang Ancestral Hall, Yichen Ancestral Hall, and Sisheng Ancestral Hall are as follows: 36 m, 19.5 m, 16.9 m, and 13.6 m. The ratio between length and height is 4.39, 2.72, 3, and 2.09. Besides, for each ancestral hall, the roof slope can be calculated by measuring the center distance of its front and back eaves (b) and the height of the internal beam (h0) (Figure 11). The b/h0 ratio is obtained from the point cloud model. As a result, for the four memorial halls that belonged to the four families, the ratio values are 1/2.7, 1/3.1, 1/2.3, 1/1.4 (Wen family, Songzhuang, Yichen, and Sisheng). And the ratio values of the four frontal halls are separately 1/3.0, 1/3.2, 1/2.4, and 1/3.1.
Figure 10. Comparison of four ancestral halls by height. From top to bottom, these four buildings are Wen Family Ancestral Hall, Songzhuang Ancestral Hall, Yichen Ancestral Hall, and Sisheng Ancestral Hall
Figure 11. Method of measurement. b: distance between the front and rear eaves; h0: the height of internal beam In conclusion, the spatial sequence of the ancestral halls presents an upward trend. The ground of the rear courtyard is usually higher than the frontal courtyard. In an ancestral hall building, the height of the memorial halls is usually higher than the frontal halls, showing a dominant position. The ancestral halls always have small scales and compact layouts. But the hall buildings built later usually become larger in scale. The center distance between the front and rear eaves of the back hall is generally smaller than that of the frontal halls. Then, the roof slope of memorial halls is generally smaller than the frontal ones, and the back roofs are gentler than the frontal roofs. 4. Discussion The 19 historical buildings in Fenghuang village are regarded as research subjects in this paper, and the TLS is the main methodology in this research. The survey method focuses on using TLS to acquire comprehensive architectural data of the diverse elements of historical buildings in Fenghuang, including five steps: designing scanning scheme, obtaining site data, processing the point clouds, and comparing the historical buildings. The internal and external parts of the buildings are both recorded by the TLS, as wells as scanning the roof parts. After registration and denoising of point clouds, the point cloud models are built, which is an important process to update the documentation of historical buildings in the Fenghuang village. Therefore, this project is meaningful for future planning and the protection of the Fenghuang village. Significantly, it can also be a reference for other traditional villages with complex structures, decorations, and complicated spatial compositions, as well as for analyzing the relationship between the buildings inside of traditional villages. In future research, the following aspects can be focused to improve the application process of TLS in traditional villages. 1) all the 360 historical buildings are waiting for identification and further research. Thus, it is urgent to cooperate more with local scholars and institutions to carry out the survey and modeling plan for the whole village. strengthen multi-professional cooperation with computer sciences. 2) Based on the point clouds, the BIM smart models can be constructed, improving the component-based 3D visualization. The BIM model will provide more accurate and detailed information for the protection of ancient buildings. And more quantitative analysis can be done with the BIM model, such as the solar and wind simulation [26]. 3) Introduce the GIS technology to realize the application of TLS in a wider context. For example, the spatial arrangement of building clusters can be analyzed by GIS tools and future tourism and heritage planning also need to be proposed with the help of GIS analysis [27]. 4) More digital technologies such as 3D printing, big data collection, AR/VR can be combined with the point clouds to enhance the immersive tourism experience inside of the traditional villages [28]. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.G. and Y.X.; methodology, L.G. and G. A; software, L.G. and S.L.; validation, S.L.; investigation, L.G. and Y.X.; resources, G.A.; data curation, X.X.; writing—original draft preparation, L.G. and S.K.; writing—review and editing, L.G. and S.K.; visualization, L.G.; supervision, Y.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by China Scholarship Council, grant number 201708440233. Data Availability Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, G. Lin, upon reasonable request. Institutional Review Board Statement: The study did not require ethical approval.Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References Zhou, R.; Zhong, L.; Liu, J. Research on rural world heritage sites: Connotation and tourism utilization. Geo. Rese. 2015, 34, 991-1000. Lekakis, S.; Dragouni, M. Heritage in the making: Rural heritage and its mnemeiosis at Naxos island, Greece. Gullino, P.; Larcher, F. Integrity in UNESCO world heritage sites: A comparative study for rural landscapes. Jour. of Cul. Her. 2013, 14, 389-395. Weng, S.; Peng, H. Tourism development, rights consciousness, and the empowerment of Chinese historical village communities. Yan, H.; Bun, K.H.; Xu, S. 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